IPv6 介面識別元
IPv6 interface identifiers
IPv6 位址的最後 64 個位元,是 IPv6 位址的 64 位元首碼的專用介面識別元。介面識別元有下列幾種決定方式:
- RFC 2373 表示所有使用首碼 001 到 111 的單點傳送位址,必須同時使用從 Extended Unique Identifier (EUI)-64 位址衍生出來的 64 位元介面 ID。
- RFC 3041 會描述的隨機產生的介面識別元,會隨著時間變更來提供匿名層次。
- 自動設定非自動式位址 (例如,透過 DHCPv6) 時指派的介面識別元。目前正在定義 DHCPv6 標準。Windows Server 2003 系列及 Windows XP 的 IPv6 通訊協定不支援可以設定狀況的位址設定或 DHCPv6。
- 手動設定的介面識別元。
EUI-64 address-based interface identifiers
64 位元 EUI-64 位址是由 Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 定義。EUI-64 位址是指派給網路介面卡或是衍生自 IEEE802 位址。
IEEE 802 addresses
網路介面卡的傳統介面識別元使用的 48 位元位址稱做 IEEE 802 位址。這個位址中包含一個 24 位元的公司 ID (又稱做製造商 ID) 和一個 24 位元的延伸識別元 (又稱做介面板識別元)。裡面有專門指派給每個網路介面卡及的公司 ID 以及組合時專門指派給每個網路介面卡的介面板識別元,形成全球唯一的 48 位元位址。這個 48 位元位址又稱做實體、硬體或媒體存取控制 (MAC) 位址。
IEEE 802 位址中定義了下列位元:
- 萬用/本機 (U/L)
U/L 位元是第一個位元組的第 7 個位元,可以決定這個位址是以萬用或本機方式管理。如果 U/L 位元設定為 0,表示 IEEE 是透過設計專用公司 ID 來管理這個位址。如果 U/L 位元設定為 1,表示是以本機方式來管理這個位址。網路系統管理員覆蓋了製造位址,並且指定了不同的位址。
- 個別/群組 (I/G)
I/G 位元是第一個位元組的低階位元,可以決定這個位址是個別位址 (單點傳送) 還是群組位址 (多點傳送)。如果設定為 0,表示這個位址是單點傳送位址。如果設定為 1,表示這個位址是多點傳送位址。
一般 802.x 網路介面卡位址的 U/L 及 I/G 位元都設定為 0,對應以萬用方式管理的單點傳送 MAC 位址。
(note: ICND COURSE UG/IL BITS IS WRONG)
IEEE EUI-64 addresses
IEEE EUI-64 位址代表網路介面位址設定的新標準。公司 ID 的長度仍然是 24 個位元,但是延伸識別元是 40 個位元,為網路介面卡製造商建立較大的位址空間。EUI-64 位址使用與 IEEE 802 位址相同方式的 U/L 及 I/G 位元。
Mapping IEEE 802 addresses to EUI-64 addresses
若要根據 IEEE 802 位址來建立 EUI-64 位址,必須將 16 個位元的 11111111 11111110 (0xFFFE) 插入到公司 ID 及延伸識別元之間的 IEEE 802 位址中。下圖說明 IEEE 802 位址如何轉換到 EUI-64 位址。
Mapping EUI-64 addresses to IPv6 interface identifiers
若要取得 IPv6 單點傳送位址的 64 位元介面,必須在 EUI-64 位址中補充 U/L 位元 (若是 1,設定為 0;若是 0,設定為 1)。下圖說明如何轉換以萬用方式管理的單點傳送 EUI-64 位址。
若要從 IEEE 802 位址取得 IPv6 介面識別元,您必須先將 IEEE 802 位址對應到 EUI-64 位址,再來補充 U/L 位元。下圖說明如何轉換以萬用方式管理的單點傳送 IEEE 802 位址。
IEEE 802 address conversion example
主機有 Ethernet MAC 位址 00-AA-00-3F-2A-1C。首先,它在第 3 和第 4 個位元組之間插入 FF-FE,產生 00-AA-00-FF-FE-3F-2A-1C,轉換成 EUI-64 格式。接著,在第 1 個位元組中補充第 7 個位元 U/L。二進位格式的第 1 個位元組是 00000000。補充第 7 個位元後,就成為 00000010 (0x02)。最後的結果是 02-AA-00-FF-FE-3F-2A-1C,轉換成冒號十六進位表示法後就成為介面識別元 2AA:FF:FE3F:2A1C。最後,對應到網路介面卡 (搭配 MAC 位址 00-AA-00-3F-2A-1C) 的連結本機位址是 FE80::2AA:FF:FE3F:2A1C。
附註
- 補充 U/L 位元時,如果 EUI-64 位址是以萬用方式管理,請將 0x2 新增到第 1 個位元組。
Some unofficial notes on IPv6 prefixes and address
Updated: 2006-06-18
Created: 2003-12-18
Addressing information from many sources, like:
- IPv6 Bogon List.
- draft-ietf-ipv6-deprecate-site-local-02.
- IANA ipv6-tla-assignments
- RFC 2928
- RFC 2373
- RFC 2374
General note on unicast addresses: the first 16 bits are the TLA, the next 8 bits must be zero, then 24 bits of NLA (48 bits total), 16 bits of SLA (64 bits total), and 64 bits for the interface.
Also, there are issues on internet-wide routes and the length of prefixes. Someone has written some recommendations which illustrate what is expected to be routeable.
The table below is exhaustive.
IPv6 unicast and anycast address ranges |
||
Prefix |
Up to |
Notes |
0000::/8 |
00ff::/8 |
Reserved |
0000::0/128 |
0000::0/128 |
node local: unspecified address |
0000::1/128 |
0000::1/128 |
node local: localhost |
0000::0000:0000:0000/96 |
0000::0000:ffff:ffff/96 |
IPv4 compatible |
0000::ffff:0000:0000/96 |
0000::ffff:ffff:ffff/96 |
IPv4 mapped |
0100::/8 |
01ff::/8 |
unassigned |
0200::/7 |
03ff::/7 |
NSAP |
0400::/7 |
05ff::/7 |
IPX (obsolete) |
0600::/7 |
06ff::/7 |
unassigned |
0800::/5 |
0fff::/5 |
unassigned |
1000::/4 |
1fff::/4 |
unassigned |
2000::/3 |
3fff::/3 |
aggregatable global |
2000:0000::/16 |
2000:ffff::/16 |
reserved |
2001:0000:0000:/32 |
2001:0000:ffff:/32 |
Teredo, non Microsoft (official) |
2001:0001::/32 |
2001:ffff::/32 |
sub TLAs |
2001:0000::/23 |
2001:01ff::/23 |
sub TLAs: IANA |
2001:0200::/23 |
2001:03ff::/23 |
sub TLAs: APNIC |
2001:0400::/23 |
2001:04ff::/23 |
sub TLAs: ARIN |
2001:0600::/23 |
2001:07ff::/23 |
sub TLAs: RIPE NCC |
2001:0800::/23 |
2001:09ff::/23 |
sub TLAs: RIPE NCC |
2001:0a00::/23 |
2001:0bff::/23 |
sub TLAs: RIPE NCC |
2001:0c00::/23 |
2001:0dff::/23 |
sub TLAs: APNIC. Among these 2001:0db8::/32 is reserved for example addresses, and will not be allocated. |
2001:0e00::/23 |
2001:0fff::/23 |
sub TLAs: APNIC |
2001:1200::/23 |
2001:13ff::/23 |
sub TLAs: LACNIC |
2001:1400::/23 |
2001:15ff::/23 |
sub TLAs: RIPE NCC |
2001:1600::/23 |
2001:17ff::/23 |
sub TLAs: RIPE NCC |
2001:1800::/23 |
2001:19ff::/23 |
sub TLAs: ARIN |
2002:0000::/16 |
2002:ffff::/16 |
6to4 |
3ffe:0000::/16 |
3ffe:ffff::/16 |
6bone pseudo TLAs |
3ffe:831f:0000:/32 |
3ffe:831f:ffff:/32 |
Teredo, Microsoft (experimental) |
3fff:0000::/16 |
3fff:ffff::/16 |
reserved |
4000::/3 |
5fff::/3 |
unassigned |
6000::/3 |
7fff::/3 |
unassigned |
8000::/3 |
9fff::/3 |
unassigned |
a000::/3 |
bfff::/3 |
unassigned |
c000::/3 |
dfff::/3 |
unassigned |
e000::/4 |
efff::/4 |
unassigned |
f000::/5 |
f7ff::/5 |
unassigned |
f800::/6 |
f9ff::/6 |
unassigned |
fa00::/7 |
fbff::/7 |
unassigned |
fc00::/7 |
fdff::/7 |
|
fe00::/9 |
fe7f::/9 |
unassigned |
fe80::/9 |
feff::/9 |
local |
fe80:0000::/10 |
febf:0000::/10 |
link local |
fec0:0000::/10 |
feff:0000::/10 |
site local (deprecated) |
The multicast table below is exhaustive, except that any ranges not described in the fourth hex digit are reserved.
IPv6 multicast address ranges |
||
Prefix |
Up to |
Notes |
ff00::/8 |
ffff::/8 |
multicast |
ff00::/12 |
ff0f::/12 |
well known |
ff01::/16 |
ff01::/16 |
well known link local |
ff02::/16 |
ff02::/16 |
well known site local |
ff02:0:0:0:0:1:ff00::/104 |
ff02:0:0:0:0:1:ffff::/104 |
well known solicited-node |
ff05::/16 |
ff05::/16 |
well known site local |
ff08::/16 |
ff08::/16 |
well known organization local |
ff0e::/16 |
ff0e::/16 |
well known global |
ff10::/12 |
ff1f::/12 |
transient |
ff11::/16 |
ff11::/16 |
transient link local |
ff12::/16 |
ff12::/16 |
transient site local |
ff15::/16 |
ff15::/16 |
transient site local |
ff18::/16 |
ff18::/16 |
transient organization local |
ff1e::/16 |
ff1e::/16 |
transient global |
ff20::/12 |
ff2f::/12 |
unassigned |
ff30::/12 |
ff3f::/12 |
RFC 3306 prefix based multicast |
ff30:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000::/96 |
ff30:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000::/96 |
RFC 3306 source-specific multicast |
ff70::/12 |
ff7f::/12 |
RFC 3956 embedded-RP multicast |
ff40::/10 |
ffff::/10 |
unassigned |
Special interface numbers in anycast addresses.
IPv6 unicast/anycast interfaces |
|
Suffix |
Notes |
*:0000 |
Nearest router |
*:fff7:ffff:ffff:ff80-ffff |
Reserved anycast addresses (EUI-64) |
*:fff7:ffff:ffff:fffe |
Mobile IPv6 home-agents (EUI-64) |
*:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff80-ffff |
Reserved anycast addresses (non EUI-64) |
*:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe |
Mobile IPv6 home-agents (non EUI-64) |
fe80::c171:3a50 |
Nearest 6to4 gateway (193.113.58.80) |
IPv6 multicast interfaces
Info from RFC 2375.
IPv6 multicast interfaces (group ids) |
|
Suffix |
Notes |
ff0?::0000 |
reserved |
ff0?::0100 |
VMTP Managers Group |
ff0?::0101 |
Network Time Protocol (NTP) |
ff0?::0102 |
SGI-Dogfight |
ff0?::0103 |
Rwhod |
ff0?::0104 |
VNP |
ff0?::0105 |
Artificial Horizons – Aviator |
ff0?::0106 |
NSS – Name Service Server |
ff0?::0107 |
AUDIONEWS – Audio News Multicast |
ff0?::0108 |
SUN NIS+ Information Service |
ff0?::0109 |
MTP Multicast Transport Protocol |
ff0?::010A |
IETF-1-LOW-AUDIO |
ff0?::010B |
IETF-1-AUDIO |
ff0?::010C |
IETF-1-VIDEO |
ff0?::010D |
IETF-2-LOW-AUDIO |
ff0?::010E |
IETF-2-AUDIO |
ff0?::010F |
IETF-2-VIDEO |
ff0?::0110 |
MUSIC-SERVICE |
ff0?::0111 |
SEANET-TELEMETRY |
ff0?::0112 |
SEANET-IMAGE |
ff0?::0113 |
MLOADD |
ff0?::0114 |
any private experiment |
ff0?::0115 |
DVMRP on MOSPF |
ff0?::0116 |
SVRLOC |
ff0?::0117 |
XINGTV |
ff0?::0118 |
microsoft-ds |
ff0?::0119 |
nbc-pro |
ff0?::011a |
nbc-pfn |
ff0?::011b |
lmsc-calren-1 |
ff0?::011c |
lmsc-calren-2 |
ff0?::011d |
lmsc-calren-3 |
ff0?::011e |
lmsc-calren-4 |
ff0?::011f |
ampr-info |
ff0?::0120 |
mtrace |
ff0?::0121 |
RSVP-encap-1 |
ff0?::0122 |
RSVP-encap-2 |
ff0?::0123 |
SVRLOC-DA |
ff0?::0124 |
rln-server |
ff0?::0125 |
proshare-mc |
ff0?::0126 |
dantz |
ff0?::0127 |
cisco-rp-announce |
ff0?::0128 |
cisco-rp-discovery |
ff0?::0129 |
gatekeeper |
ff0?::012a |
iberiagames |
ff0?::0201 |
“rwho" Group (BSD) (unofficial) |
ff0?::0202 |
SUN RPC PMAPPROC_CALLIT |
ff0?::0002:0000-7ffd |
Multimedia Conference Calls |
ff0?::0002:7ffe |
SAPv1 Announcements |
ff0?::0002:7fff |
SAPv0 Announcements (deprecated) |
ff0?::0002:8000-8fff |
SAP Dynamic Assignments |
ff02::0001 |
all nodes |
ff02::0002 |
all routers |
ff02::0004 |
DVRMP routers |
ff02::0005 |
OSPFUGP |
ff02::0006 |
OSPFIGP designated routers |
ff02::0007 |
ST routers |
ff02::0008 |
ST hosts |
ff02::0009 |
RIP routers |
ff02::000a |
EIGRP routers |
ff02::000b |
mobile agents |
ff02::000d |
PIM routers |
ff02::000e |
RSVP encapsulation |
ff02::0001:0001 |
Link name |
ff05::0002 |
all routers |
ff05::0001:0003 |
all DHCP servers |
ff05::0001:0004 |
all DHCP relays |
ff05::0001:1000-13ff |
service location |